![]() There is an ongoing debate among scholars whether we can talk about multiple world-systems. "World system" without a hyphen suggests that there has been only one world-system in the history of the world." In English, the hyphen is essential to indicate these concepts. Wallerstein stresses the importance of hyphen in the title: World system refers to the entire world, whereas world-system is its fragment - the largest unit of analysis that makes sense. ![]() Small, non-state units such as tribes are micro-systems. Thus, we can differentiate world-systems into politically unified (world-empires) and not unified (world-economies). A world-economy is a large axial division of labor with multiple political centers and multiple cultures." A world-empire (examples, the Roman Empire, Han China) are large bureaucratic structures with a single political center and an axial division of labor, but multiple cultures. there have been thus far only two varieties of world-systems: world-economies and world empires. World-systems analysis argues that the units of social reality within which we operate, whose rules constrain us, are for the most part such world-systems. ".not the system of the world, but a system that is a world and which can be, most often has been, located in an area less than the entire globe. "…a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence." ".a system is defined as a unit with a single division of labor and multiple cultural systems." The most well-known version of the world-system approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, who has provided several definitions of what a world-system is, twice in 1974, first Thus we should focus not on individual states, but on the relations between their groupings (core, semi-periphery, and periphery). The world-systems theory stresses that world-systems (and not nation states) should be the basic unit of social analysis. The last temporal feature is the crisis: a crisis occurs, if a constellation of circumstances brings about the end of the system. For example, the problem of underconsumption, wherein the drive-down of wages increases the profit for the capitalists on the short-run, but considering the long run, the decreasing of wages may have a crucially harmful effect by reducing the demand for the product. The term contradiction means a general controversy in the system, usually concerning some short term vs. Cyclical rhythms represent the short-term fluctuation of economy, while secular trends mean deeper long run tendencies, such as general economic growth or decline. World-systems, past world-systems and the modern world-system, have temporal features. Resources are redistributed from the underdeveloped, typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world (the periphery) to developed, industrialized core. Countries tend to fall into one or another of these interdependent zones core countries, semi-periphery countries and the periphery countries. In the modern world-system, the division of labor consists of three zones according to the prevalence of profitable industries or activities: core, semiperiphery, and periphery. ![]() The modern world-system has a multi-state political structure (the interstate system) and therefore its division of labor is international division of labor. World-systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor. A world-system is a crucial element of the world-system theory, a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change. The most well-known version of the world-system approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. ![]() Through the process of globalization, the modern world has reached the state of one dominant world-system, but in human history there have been periods where separate world-systems existed simultaneously, according to Janet Abu-Lughod. Where such interactions becomes significant, separate world-systems merge into a new, larger world-system. Several world-systems can coexist, provided that they have little or no interaction with one another. The Westphalian System is the preeminent world-system operating in the contemporary world, denoting the system of sovereign states and nation-states produced by the Westphalian Treaties in 1648. World-systems are usually larger than single states, but do not have to be global. A world-system is a socioeconomic system, under systems theory, that encompasses part or all of the globe, detailing the aggregate structural result of the sum of the interactions between polities.
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